Iron and Manganese Fouling

Symptoms of iron and manganese fouling include:

• Material may be visible on the ATDs, casing and scroll ends
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  - Iron primarily exhibits as orange-colored foulant; however, depending on the oxidation state, it may be black in color
  
  - Manganese is black in color
• Possible high-pressure differentials across individual elements and stages, usually worse in the first stage
• Loss in permeate flow